Travel in Italy Free Travel Guide of Milan by Flashbooking for Backpackers and Families

Milan, a northern Italian city, stands in the centre of the large Lombardy plain, between the the Po, Adda and Ticino river valleys.

Like many citys of its kind located on a plain, the city radiates out,in a regular pattern from its nucleus, the ancient city centre.This large and lively city is an important financial centre, a creative fashion workshop and a place rich in artistic and cultural sights.

Flashbooking is a growing cheap hostel Milan and hotels directory specializing in budget accommodation for independent travellers, students, backpackers, families and all the ones that travel on a pocket. Flashbooking is becoming a recognized source of information and services for who loves creating a trip by him/herself and book bed nights securely online.

The Piazza del Duomo, is recognised as the official centre of the city. The square is flanked by a long line of porticoes and on the square’s left side, the entrance to the Vittorio Emanuele II. The two Arengario buildings facing the gallery from across the square, indicate the access point to Piazza Diaz.

Those who love travelling light, those with a sense for adventure, those who love flexibility in their trips, those who like meeting locals and travelling slow and low… those are Flashbooking happy travellers!

See Flashbooking database of selected accommodations worldwide and help us enlarging the hostel offer by reporting the contacts of some accommodations, lodgings, BandB, youth hostels and budget small hotels where you personally stayed. In fact, Flashbooking policy tends to privilege small and family-run hotels in order to promote an alternative tourism respectful of cultures and different societies.

The Castello Sforzesco in Milan, stands out among the city’s many Renaissance buildings. The castle, built in 1368, is the site of the Civic Museum, dedicated to visual and applied art from the Medieval period to the 17th century, together with Paleo-Christian art and sections on ancient and Egyptian art.

Flashbooking provides a large selection of cheap or low cost reservation offers in Milan where there are plenty of low cost solutions for backpackers in budget youth hostels, bed and breakfast Milan, family run guesthouses, cheap hotel deals.

With the monthly newsletter, Flashbooking puts at travellers, students, volunteers free disposal some useful pocket travel guides of major European cities: the Amsterdam City guide, the London City guide, the Prague City guide, the Paris City guide, the Rome City guide, the Florence City guide, and the freshly issued Milan City guide!! For the Milan travel guide Flashbooking staff efforts concentrate on making it simple to read dividing the Milan centre in different districts with their relevant amenities.

In general, Flashbooking guides have been written for giving the essential information about the most visited cities in the world and in particular for any traveller or first-time visitor. For a short visit, a week-end, a city break, these free pocket guides are useful printable and downloadable tools available online.

Milan is renown for its open and friendly international people, art museums and Art Galleries, the sea, the movida and cheap lodgings, classic itineraries and a lot more to make a visit worth wise.

Flashbooking chose to provide backpackers, students and families with a list of budget selected and independent accommodations worldwide, mostly run by locals, in order to promote an alternative tourism respectful of cultures and different societies. For this and other reasons Flashbooking is becoming a recognized source of information and services for who loves creating a trip by him/herself and book bed nights securely online.

Flashbooking cheap lodging solutions are all available for online bookings and divided by Countries. Travellers have free access to the updated list of Europe hostels and budget hotels, North and South America hostels, Caribbean and Central America hostels as well as for Asia cheap accommodations, Oceania youth hostels and Africa hostels.

Having the reservation final price is also convenient as it does give the transparency our users pretend while booking. Having the final total amount of your booking means you do not have to worry about other extra surprises!

Flashbooking policy tends to privilege small and family-run hotels in order to promote an alternative tourism respectful of cultures and different societies.

So mates, we are looking forward to finding you THE budget accommodation in Milan, that meets your needs and pocket for your next trip!

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Updating your garden fencing

Springtime is ideal for heading into the garden to check the garden fencing. There are many forms of garden fencing available depending on your preference from wire fencing to keep small animals out of the vegetable patch to metal fencing to keep out prowlers and provide security to your home.

If you want to put up new garden fencing you want to make sure that the fencing is robust and will cope with high winds and bad weather conditions. You can get a variety of garden fencing posts to ensure that fencing remains upright and sturdy.  The posts can provide a means of fixing garden fencing securely and will ensure it lasts for many years.

Whether you use concrete posts or metal posts you will gain great stability. Some models allow you to drop panels of garden fencing into a slot fitting. This can be a great alternative to posts that require a screw or nail fixing. Wire fencing is often preferred for it’s affordability and it allows you to see the view from your property or to ensure that there is nobody lurking around.

Garden fencing needn’t break the bank. There are styles and materials that can fit all budgets and metal fencing comes in finishes to ensure it will remain attractive for years to come.

The security that comes from garden fencing should not be underestimated. Open plan gardens are easy prey for burglars.  The more barriers you can put in the way of a potential intruder the better. Metal fencing comes in many forms and sizes to make it difficult to scale and jump over. As it is a robust material intruders will struggle to damage it unlike wooden fences.

At Siddall and Hilton Products we have a wide range of garden fencing in a range of styles to complement any home and garden.

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The number one reason why men have affairs

If you’ve just found out that you partner has been having an affair, I hope this article will help you to make sense of it all.  Right now you are probably going through a rollercoaster of emotions.   You are suffering from the ultimate betrayal and are feeling both broken-hearted and confused.   The question that you have to face; and this is a hard question for a woman is: “Why did he cheated?”

Incredibly as much as 80% of men who have had an affair have said that it was not about sex.  Instead the vast majority have said that the affair was brought on by an emotional disconnection, specifically a sense of feeling underappreciated.

This feeling of under appreciation is often expressed as follows:

“She doesn’t understand me” – “We don’t talk” – “She is too busy with the children” “Too tired for sex”.

Basically the men are not receiving enough (in some cases none at all) attention from their spouse.

By feeling unappreciated at home many men start to feel insecure, and it is that very sense of insecurity which is often the catalyst to the affair.

With daily worries like bills, children and chores, it is easy for couples to drift away from appreciating one another like they should.  The other woman often makes the man feel better about himself and he wrongly thinks that she is helping him to deal with his unhappiness.

Dealing with infidelity is not easy.  Affairs are immensely painful, but the lying and deception that comes with them are often the worse part to cope with.  Many men try to cover their tracks by always working late, going on business trips or conveniently turning off their cell phones.

A woman should never put all the blame on herself for the man’s affair.  Ultimately, he is responsible for his behaviour.   An affair doesn’t have to mean the end of a marriage and the beginning of a painful divorce.   However, it is a sign that something is profoundly wrong in the marriage and needs fixing.

To save the marriage, the couple need to find ways to better fulfil each other emotional and physical needs.  I have created a FREE report at http://www.saveyourmarriagenow.net which will help you to implement specific steps to save your marriage.

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Types of Online Degrees in International Business

International business online degree program is selected by students all over the world because its significance is growing increasingly. It includes all the business theories which are applicable internationally, the strategies which are important for international business and most importantly gives the required information of present international business worldwide. It has a variety of courses to offer, students usually opt for graduate and masters programs.
International business revolves around knowing the diverse cultures, creating an understating of international markets, socio-economic barriers within a culture, role of international relations in business and how its effects the international trade, the competitors of international markets and the etiquettes that are necessary for international business.
There are different types of online degrees in international business that various schools and universities offer. To purse an online degree in international business becomes valuable when supplemented with other degree programs. The schools and universities offer the same programs to the online students or compile the same courses that are being offered on the campuses. Therefore, students those are interested in pursuing international business degree can always apply for online degree programs.

To know what online courses in international business are being offered by different universities globally, there is always an option of researching the university online programs, which are given on the official websites of each University. International business online courses include accounting and finance, global corporation, international law, international trade and customs, strategies and traditional business disciplines. These courses provide a complete understanding of international business, which becomes helpful towards a successful career.
The programs for online degrees are that of online graduate degree, online master’s degree, MBA and graduate certificates. There are numerous Universities internationally that are offering online international business degree programs, a few are, University of Phoenix, American Intercontinental University, Colorado Technical University, Bellevue University and Ashford University.
With the technological advancements and growing communication, the career in this particular field is highly demandable in many areas. It directly has its connection with the economy of any country, because international business requires employees to learn about the strategies that set a certain business eminent in the international market. Therefore, the employees of any company can opt for online international business degree programs, even at the managerial level for some; the graduate certificate programs in international business are available.

Thus, the internet facility has been bridging the gap between quality education and its seekers. International business offering a wide range of courses, the types of online degrees in international business have provided access to educational institutions via internet, to obtain a great deal of knowledge plus a degree to implement the knowledge practically.

For More Detail: http://www.internationalbusinessdegrees.ws/

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Ugly people – more than a joke

We can think long and hard about what makes us humans. The truth of the matter is that we are not perfect and we all have our own defects. Ugliness is part of us and the best thing we can do is to accept it. The Internet makes a pretty good job at keeping us aware of the ironic aspects of our life and it is smart to use it to our benefit. I first entered a website with ugly people several years ago. I was told by a friend about it and I have to admit that he made me pretty curious. Ugliness sells and this is the true. Today, I know that there are lots of people visiting websites that post ugly people photos.

There are many ways you can interpret this whole business. The bottom line is that it represents a successful business that sells. People are interested to discover the ugly side of life and they love to browse such websites. If you have humorous photos with ugly people, then you can go online and post them. This decision is entirely yours and your photos may even end up voted as the most ugliest. You can have a great deal of fun and also find out how damages this world really is. Of course, we all encounter the dilemma is the pictures with ugly people are real or not. The thing is we shouldn’t go that deep. We shouldn’t think about the persons in the photos; we should just try and have fun while browsing them. Because that is what we are all looking for, having fun and the possibility to unwind. When it comes to pictures with ugly men, there are plenty of things to see. Men have certainly a lot of flaws and are not very shy to present them in the most possible hilarious manner. These websites show photos with ugly men and gain a lot of popularity among the female population for obvious reasons. Women just love making fun of men and these websites are just the perfect way to do that. Among the most interesting specimens depicted in the photos of ugly men are: the guy that can pass a finger through his orbit, a man with his tongue split in two, a dude that has hair all over his face and a male that can put a finger through both nostrils. All these pictures with ugly men are incredibly amusing to watch and one cannot help to laugh after seeing them. And if you still think you haven’t had enough, try the pictures showing contortionists twisting every limb they have, check out the man with the longest tongue in the world and wonder how some aborigines eat with that plate stuck to their lips. What these pictures do best is stimulate our visual sense and of course our deep sense of humor. The human appearance may be strange sometimes and the Internet is the best place to convince yourself of that fact. There are many websites exhibiting ugly people photos and all of them arouse the notion of amusement. From amusement to irony is just a step and it can easily be crossed. A multitude of websites are devoted to idea of ugliness and do their best to present their funniest pictures. If you know what goofy really means, then such websites are the perfect way to have fun. Do not hesitate in visiting them and enjoying a whole new experience. The best thing about our website is that you do not have to take anything too serious. Our pictures with ugly people and especially ugly men are funny and nothing more. Visit us and laugh as much as you can. Laughter is one of the most important things that keep us alive.

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Top Paid Surveys Could Be Tricky to Find and Here Is Why

Sites offering paid online surveys pop up on daily basis, majority of them having intention to defraud and not offer payments on surveys done. To get a reputable site that offer genuine paid surveys, proper research is mandatory. You can use search engines such as Google, Yahoo Search or Bing to research. You can also visit top paid surveys directories such as DMOZ. In addition, you can join blogs and online forums on paid surveys to get more information on how to get top paid surveys.Sometimes, reputable companies have separate departments for market research that performs market survey and pay online participants. A good point in case is the HP market research department. They have a link on their website to people to sign up as product testers.There are various online resources that can be used to check the authenticity and legitimacy of surveys sites. Websites like FreeLuxuryCar.com or Yes-Its-Free.com have Web pages and forums listing and rating survey sites. It is possible to lose out on top paid surveys simply by failing the online test that they patents on. If this should be the case, simply bookmark the site, log out and try after sometime, usually two to three weeks.Finding this websites can be very tricky, after all they don’t advertise on popular media such as radio or TV. You will have to dig a little deeper and research widely to get them. As a way of confirming their authenticity, top paid surveys to not require any investment for registration. However, they strongly vet candidates before enlisting them for surveys.Before joining any online survey, it is important to pay attention to the terms and the FAQ pages. From these pages, you can get to know whether the site pays by prizes, cash, points or a combination of the three options.

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Top Legitimate Paid Surveys as a Home Based Business

There are a whole bunch of “Make Great Money from Survey” scams out there totally created to just get into your pocket and take your hard earned money! That’s probably obvious, but don’t let that discourage you! With a little research and knowledge, you can find good, legitimate paid surveys, and make a good part time income!Want learn some vital information you will definitely need to know? Here are a few things that you should know about legitimate paid surveys:First thing is, you should understand that taking surveys will not make you rich; but, you can create some good cash! When you consider legitimate paid surveys are a far better option than working for someone else in a part time job, and the pay can be better also, taking surveys is a great money making model!A couple of good points to know is: making money for taking surveys is only a single way to earn from legit companies. You can also make money by participating in focus groups! Doing one of these can pay between fifty to two hundred dollars or more!Also, you can participate in “product testing,” which can pay anywhere from ten to fifty dollars per product, or even more!Here’s how to recognize good, legitimate paid surveys:Legitimate companies never exaggerate their claims. Most will not even tell you how much you will make. How could they know? If you’re taking surveys, as well as participating in focus groups and doing product testing, there’s no way they can know. After all, it’s up to you how much effort you put in to it.Another thing: legitimate companies will not ask you for your bank account number, credit card number, or your social security number. If a company does ask for these things, seriously consider getting involved with them!There is an exception however, participating in market research for doing legitimate paid surveys may require you to divulge some personal information. However, you’ll be protected if the company is legit.Finally, legitimate companies will not try to sell you any products! So, if a company is asking you to buy something, again, seriously consider getting involved with them!Legitimate paid surveys certainly do exist! You could search endlessly all over the Internet, but you’ll end up spending more time and effort searching for legitimate paid surveys rather than taking them in order to make money! There certainly is a better way!

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Top 10 Cities To Visit On Your Florida Holidays

Florida holidays are everyone’s favourite for sun, fun and a best bargain travel deal. To plan your next Florida holiday and ensure you hit the Sunshine State’s hot spots, try this handy list of must-see Florida cities and attractions.

1. Orlando
Disney, Universal Studios, Sea World and too many attractions to mention are open for business 365 days a year. Orlando is the number one tourism destination in Florida; however, there are many more key cities in the Sunshine State that are worth your effort to see.

2. West Palm Beach
Besides beautiful beaches, West Palm Beach is home to the 500 acre Lion Country Safari, where African wildlife roams free and are viewed from the safety of your car. The Norton Museum of Art is a West Palm Beach favourite for American paintings and a small collection of artefacts, and the Kravis Center for Performing Arts is the place to be for ballet, opera and stage productions.

2. Miami
Roam the tropical grounds and have your picture taken with the tigers at Jungle Island or spend the day at the famed Zoo Miami for a cage-free experience with exotic wildlife from five continents. Biscayne Bay is the hip and happening hot spot for open-air markets, seaside cafes and a world of shopping pleasure along the scenic coast.

3. Fort Lauderdale
For a taste of upscale beauty and sophistication, no place does it better than Fort Lauderdale. Trendy nightclubs, fine dining from award-winning chefs, and a “see and be seen” attitude abound on the Fort Lauderdale Strip.

4. Jacksonville
Jacksonville Beach is the place to head for ocean kayaking, deep sea fishing and seasonal seafood and music festivals scheduled year round for active outdoor enthusiasts. Windsurfing, jogging along the oceanfront trails, and a relaxed and casual Florida atmosphere brings in the Jacksonville tourists twelve months a year.

5. Daytona Beach
Home to the Daytona Beach NASCAR racing, this action packed seaport town has an IMAX theatre, park grounds, and family fun along the boardwalk with go-karts, bumper rides, arcade games and more.

6. Key Largo
Key Largo is located in the Florida Keys, and although there is not much to do, most visitors like it just that way. Sit back with a glass of rum and watch the world drift by in slow motion on one of the most beautiful sections of south Florida. Divers and snorkelling enthusiasts may wish to swing by the John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park for some of the most colourful underwater scenery in the region.

7. Pensacola
Pensacola is located on the Gulf and is famous for it’s pure white sugar sand beaches. Blue water, powder sand and a string of mature palm trees add a spectacular beach side experience for the fussy sunbather who has seen it all.

8. Fort Myers
This simple and uncomplicated seaside town draws a good sized crowd of sun seekers that take a little privacy with their surf. The Fort Myers community is warm and friendly and offers a wide array of moderate and low cost dining options set in a gorgeous Florida residential city.

9. St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg adds a dash of culture and the arts to your Florida beach holiday escape with exhibitions containing priceless works at the Salvador Dali Museum, The Museum of Fine Arts, and The Museum of Natural History located in the downtown region. In addition, the Mahaffey Theater holds high-end performances for ballet, opera and family entertainment.

10. Sarasota
Sarasota is another destination for cultural arts with the Van Wezel Performing Arts Hall, Florida State University For the Performing Arts, and even the Ringling Brother’s Museum from the Barnum and Bailey Circus. Myakka River State Park offers scenic outdoor activities with protected wildlife and conservation efforts. Guests enjoy hiking and biking trails, camp sites and educational tours about alligators.

Click here for more information and great deals on hotels, visit Quality Inn International Drive, Fontainebleau Miami and Disney Port Orleans Riverside.

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What Makes Comparative Education Unique

? Although there specific forces, comparative education has been and continues to be an effective instrument in illustrating educational systems and processes and outcomes on a country-specific basis and to establish the interplay between academia and society. Likewise, comparative education has also been useful in the development of institutions, practices and policies relating to education as it can legitimize generalized propositions about education valid in one country towards transfer of applications into other countries (Hira, 2003). Through it also, the academic world was given the opportunity to reconcile the value of a comparative perspective in answering the most important question of whether academic achievement is more important than socioeconomic background of the students or vice versa. A comparative education functions in such a way that it addresses the peculiarities of academic institutions based on school-related characteristics unique to that institution. With this said, it is important to note that comparative education is important in understanding specific and common issues as well as regional, national and local differences particularly for education policymakers and practitioners. It is in this sense that comparative education is debatable (Rizvi, 2004). If comparative education is to be treated as a science or a history is still not reconciled (Mezzarol et al, 2003). Nevertheless, what makes comparative education unique is its nature wherein science and history could be combined, contributing to both theory building and more informed policies and practices. Cook et al (2004) noted that common points of reference could be found in the thematic content, historic tradition or boundary continuity. As such, the value of studying education systems across national boundaries and at various levels should move from the global to the local. The goal is to came up with a multidirectional flow of scholarship and ideas which could improve not just educational policies and practices but also educator’s capability to generalize social and academic interactions (McDermott, 2007). Because of the way knowledge is valued and created, it is important that policymakers must be positioned in periphery where their functions could be more aligned with practitioners than with theorists and researchers (Crossley, 2000). In making sense of comparative education, it is critical for national decision-makers to engage more on imported educational policies and practices to make them characteristically their own. Only this way can it would be effective on the national to local level. In the process, comparative education also impacts convergence wherein the distributive nature of educational policies and practices implicates the social rate of return on investments on education (Ozga, 2006). Though modern educational institutions are more inclined on competition on the basis of student performance rather than equity, of concerns are the social, political and economic schemes of international educational policies which is evidenced by initiatives to address access, quality and equality hence achieving the goal of equitable educational opportunities to all (Stromquist, 2005; Biraimah, 2003). Evidently, such education underpins social transformation as well as it serve as an avenue to reach historically disadvantaged groups to play a role in reconstruction and development of their own country, challenging inequalities and inefficient educational systems.By: Tegegn Beyene (PhD student)

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The Metaphysical View of Death and Life After Death Part 3

FINDINGS In this chapter we will consider the four perspectives in greater detail. We will look into the dying process and the nature of life in the higher planes, as seen through the eyes of Western and Eastern occultism. Analysis of the religious concepts anent death, dying and the after-death state will offer us a clearer picture of what is commonly believed by the average person. We will deal with religious concepts not from the perspective of any particular religion, but from an overall, general view. The findings of modern researchers of the paranormal will greatly enhance our comprehension of nature’s laws, while Tibetan teachings concerning death will offer us a better insight into the purposes of life and the liberating nature of the death process. We will discuss these various perspectives with a metaphysical understanding.

The metaphysician is a seeker of empirical and pragmatic truths–truths and laws that are applicable and relevant to one’s life. The metaphysician, as a healer of man’s souls, is a searcher for not merely theoretical, but practical, factual, and experiential knowledge. Such knowledge, as an accumulation of relevant data, offers the material required to gain wisdom, insight and understanding of God’s plan, and the privilege of participating in the creative work of the universe. Knowledge of the death process and the purposes of life offers us a certain power to pre-determine our fate in the higher worlds and in subsequent incarnations with the exercise of our God-given gift of free-choice and the divine-will of our Higher Self. Religious Beliefs Followers of religions have viewed death, or the passing over to a new dimension, in contradictory terms. On one hand, there is a lively anticipation and hope for a glorious future-state in a heavenly paradise, and on the other, a pronounced fear of eternal damnation and torture in an everlasting burning hell. The concepts of heaven and hell are common to most religions, and from the occult point of view, there is a basis for these ideas; however, heaven and hell as understood by the masses and unenlightened clergymen are a distortion of the reality underlying those states. Hell, according to religious ideas, is a place in the afterlife for the punishment of wicked, immoral and sinful men and women. It is described to be a place of eternal torture, a place filled with fire and brimstone, a place of horror and terror, a locality where one suffers pain and misery indefinitely. Judaism refers to this hell as Sheol and Gehenna, while the ancient Greeks called it Hades and Tartarus. In Buddhism, the hell-state is known as Avitchi. Hell has been described in literature as the Inferno, the Abyss, the Pit, the Darkness, Limbo etc. In Paradise Lost, Milton called the capital of Hell, Pandemonium, which figuratively, refers to a state of chaos, lawlessness and anarchy. In the Gospel stories the Piscean Master referred to a pit outside the walls of Jerusalem–a pit utilized as a garbage incinerator. This burning pit was used as an illustration, in a metaphorical and symbolical manner, of the nature of Gehenna. Not understanding the symbolism, followers of Christ have accepted the Master’s explanation in a literal sense. It should also be noted that ancient mystics considered this earth plane to be one of the hell regions. In the scriptures we are told that God is a consuming fire. This fire is synonymous with the fires and flames of hell; to the soul, higher vibrations are always fiery in nature. What do the flames of God consume? They consume temporarily the manifestation of the false ego with its expressions of pride, hatred and cruelty. They cleanse the subtle bodies of psychic dross. In the alchemical tradition, fire has been a symbol of the processes of transmutation and purification. In the same esoteric sense, the fiery stimulus of hell causes a purification and transmutation of the soul which results in soul-awakening. Once the soul realizes its mortal errors and repents, it rises from the fires of hell and enters into the planes of “purgatory” for the next phase of the purification process. From another perspective, the flames of hell may symbolize a soul’s lust for the physical world–its ungratified consuming desire, and rage or resentment towards all that opposes its egoistic will. Freedom from such a hell is a simple matter of extinguishing lowly desires and the acquisition of humility. Sufferings one experience in hell, aside from the above conditions could also be the result of remorseful feelings for one’s past negative deeds, one’s “sins” of omission and commission; or the result of one’s anger and displeasure for not possessing the ability to resume the life-style one had previously known. This often cause what is called an “earth-bound spirit.” The concept of purgatory was first formulated by Pope Gregory I, who lived in the sixth century AD. Although turned into a dogma in some Christian sects, this particular doctrine is based on reality, as it is validated by the experiences of psychics and mystics. Purgatory is an intermediate plane between heaven and hell; however, in actuality, all planes are purgatorial in nature. Purgatory, in a specific sense, is a plane of consciousness, a dimension where souls sojourn temporarily to cast off material and carnal habits, attitudes and feelings. It is a realm of purification of one’s thoughts, emotions and desires. Purgatory is where one also commences the assimilation of experiences of one’s incarnated life. Once this purification has taken place, the soul goes to one of the heavenly regions appropriate for its expression. This occurs automatically without any authoritarian decree or overseeing. To believe that a loving, kind and merciful God would banish and exile wayward souls to eternal condemnation and punishment is a sacrilegious attitude and feeling, and an injustice towards our Creator. The loving Omniversal Mind of the Cosmos would never have conceived of such an idea. God does not punish. The many hell regions were not created by God but by man’s guilty conscience, by man’s evil tendencies and propensities, by man’s willful disobedience and violation of the Cosmic Law of Harmony. This is not to say that hell and its tortures do not exist. They do exist, but as an illusion of maya. They are tangible but are phantasmagorias. Hell is an inner state of darkness within the consciousness projected and objectified onto astral substances. Hell is a state of mind and consciousness externalized and reflected in one’s astral, or even physical environment. Sojourners of hell unconsciously build, share, and experience a collective thoughtform. Religion in the collective sense, paints hell in frightful forms and images. In actuality though, most of the devils and demons torturing souls in hell are mere phantasms arising from the psyche. The wrathful deities, creatures and demons found in hell, such as Satan, Beelzebub, Ashtaroth, Mara, the Raksasas, the Furies, the Harpies, the Erinyes, Chimaeras, Cerburus and Hydras, are all negative thoughts and feelings within one’s soul externalized in an illusory, hallucinatory sense to torment oneself for one’s past misqualification of soul-energies. Aside from hell, these gruesome and grotesque images are also seen and experienced at a certain phase of the bardo. These terrifying demons are mere symbols of negative human behaviour. The guilty conscience of men and women evilly-inclined erupts from the unconscious to manifest as horrible illusions. Simply put, a bad conscience and temperament creates the experience of hell. Cornelius Agrippa, the eminent occultist of the 16th century, referring to the illusory nature of hell as experienced by hell-sojourners says that souls, “. . . are most cruelly tortured in the irascible faculty with the hatred of an imaginary evil, into the perturbations whereof, as also false suspicions, and most horrible phantasms they then fall, and they are represented to them sad representations; sometimes of the heaven falling upon their head, sometimes of being swallowed up into the earth . . . and sometimes of being taken, and tormented by devils.” (1995:596) In the Gathas, one of the holy scriptures of Zoroastrianism, hell is described as the place of the worst thought, and as the House of Lies. The people of Ahura Mazda believed and still believe that in hell one is tormented by the daena, or conscience; however, they do not propose this to be construed and considered as a permanent state–a concept expounded by theologians of many other living faiths. Eternal punishment is illogical, senseless, and without purpose, and goes against all spiritual principles and values. It would be more realistic to view a merciful God ending soul-identity and consciousness rather than to picture the Almighty banishing and gloating at the sufferings and miseries of wayward souls. Hence, the purpose of hell is not that of punishment but to awaken the soul of its spiritual poverty, of its need to turn towards the Divine Light. Here we emphasize the concept of hell from the perspective of Zorastrianism for it has greatly influenced the Semitic religions which somehow distorted the transmission of esoteric knowledge. Hell should not be seen as an eternal state. It exists for the soul only for as long as the soul refuses to acknowledge and face the Light of God, of Truth, and give up its resentments, hatreds, and other negative feelings. Not all souls sojourn in hell or purgatory. Lofty, pure souls bypass the lower worlds to head straight for their place in the heavenly regions. Every soul goes to the plane most appropriate for its nature. This process or procedure is not directed arbitrarily by any being, there is no one to coerce and force us to be in any realm. This is all executed according to the Law of Correspondence. Man’s spiritual attainment or lack of it determines where he would go. It is a matter of frequencies. One’s personal frequency attunes one into the appropriate dimension vibrating at the corresponding wavelength. Imagine if you will, a wicked sinner obtaining forgiveness at the last hour and goes to the heavenly worlds. The very presence of the sinner would transform heaven into hell, for his innate wickedness, his negative character, would pollute the surrounding environment. Death does not transmute our character. We carry our same personality, character, minds and emotions wherever we go. If we are in constant discord with our environment, with our many relationships here on this earth plane, we would express no differently in the subtle worlds. The presence of negativity causes the soul, the astro-mental bodies, to assume a certain density in its energy-structures and fields, a certain atomic weight which binds it to the lower regions of hell or purgatory. Heaven is thus protected from trouble-makers. Whether in hell or purgatory, the soul suffers all of its misqualified and misspent energies alone. The length of time that one sojourns in hell or purgatory is dependent upon one’s self, upon one’s own inner desire to improve one’s character, upon one’s desire to be free, the desire to forgive self and others–to request forgiveness from those wronged, and the desire to serve others. Concerning heaven, Christians have long visualized it to be a magnificent city with streets paved in gold and ornamented with precious stones. The book of Revelations has done much to mould Christian beliefs regarding this matter. What is not known to the average Christian is that the apocalypse in Revelations is symbolical and that it is a work written by great initiates for lesser initiates studying the mysteries of God, and that to interpret it literally is to deceive and mislead oneself. It takes a great deal of familiarity with the occult, the Qaballah, and the initiatory teachings of the ancients to properly interpret the real significance of its spiritual contents. Heaven, generally, is believed to be a place of rewards, of eternal rest. Ancient Greeks called heaven the Elysian Fields or Olympus. Followers of Zoroaster describe it as the House of Suns, and the abode of the best thought–a place where the sun never ceases to shine–no doubt alluding to the luminous nature of the plane. To Hindus, heaven is Surga, and it lies in the higher lokas. Theosophists call heaven “Devachan.” Ancient Egyptians referred to it as Sekhet-hetepet. To Scandinavians it is Asgard; and spiritualists call it Summerland. Heaven as an abode of peace, happiness, and abundance is a fundamental religious belief in every culture, ancient and modern. As hell is believed to be a place of punishment, so heaven is believed to be a realm of rewards due to the virtuous, the “poor in spirit” and to those who serve God faithfully. Like hell, followers of religion have likewise misunderstood and misconceived the nature of heaven. In their theology, most religions lay too much stress on externals without considering the mystical nature of their teachings; this applies most specifically to such concepts as heaven and hell. The Bahá’i faith, as an exception, believes heaven and hell to be spiritual conditions, and not mere places. In their theological teachings, heaven is defined as the proximity of the consciousness to the throne of God, and hell as a remoteness from the heavenly Godhead. This is in accord with the words of the Nazarene that the kingdom of God is within. Eventhough the concept of paradise among Christians has a different meaning from the kingdom of God as enunciated by the Master–the former believing it to be a place–it could indeed be considered as such, as a place or places reflecting the inner state of the soul, just like hell–eventhough we apparently contradict our previous statement concerning Christian emphasis upon externals. As mentioned before, heaven and hell as places have been substantiated by the discoveries and experiences of mystics and psychics. However, we have to realize that the external protean reality is but a reflection of the inner state or condition of the mind. We have considered this before, but it is necessary to reiterate because of its importance. Although heaven is as beautiful and glorious as described by religions, it is not a place of eternal rest. A heaven of ease and idleness is a static state. Inertia does not exist in the universe. All is in motion and in a continuous flux. The Greek philosopher, Heraclitus, said that “everything is becoming.” All Sparks, or creatures of God are forever evolving. Everything is in a dynamic state moving towards a higher expression and manifestation. Heaven as experienced and understood by mystics, is a state of intense activity. Heaven is not a place where one sings hymns and play on the harp all day long (unless that is what gives us pleasure), it is a place of continued education for the evolving soul, where the mysteries of the universe, and Cosmic laws are studied. In the higher worlds one learns to exercise one’s creativity in myriads of ways. One also spends one’s time in heaven serving the whole of creation in various capacities, in accord with one’s innate abilities and talents. In the heavenly regions, there are no angels ornated with wings and halos, as represented by painters in their artwork. In heaven, angelic beings are adorned with their purity, love and other positive virtues. What are supposed to be wings are simply magnetic radiations streaming from their persons. One of the salient features of religious beliefs is that during transition, before one passes over to heaven or hell, one has to undergo a judgment. The Ancient Egyptians, Tibetans, Christians, Muslims and many others all have and had their judgment scenes in their theological concepts. This is ingrained in the eschatology of religion and has, as a matter of fact, a basis of truth which we shall see later as we consider the bardos. It will suffice here to describe certain aspects of the Judgment scene. The Judgment scene of almost every religion consists of a judge, a weigher of the scales, a scribe, and of course, the soul being judged. To Ancient Egyptians, Osiris was the judge of the soul, Anubis the weigher of the scales, while Thoth was the scribe. The human soul was often depicted as hawk-headed. In Zoroastrianism, Mithras or sometimes Zoroaster sits on the judgment seat, with Rashnu acting as weigher and Sraosha as recorder. Tibetans called their magistrate Dharmaraja and their scribe Shinje–the monkey-headed one. Christians believe that Jesus would be the one to judge the “quick and the dead,” with angelic personnel acting as his amanuensis. In the Judgment scene, as conceived by the ancient Egyptians, the Ab, or heart of the soul is weighed against Maat, or Truth, symbolised by a feather. The deceased makes a long confession, affirming his or her goodly works. The negative works of the soul goes unstated and unproclaimed–the soul hoping that its past sinful deeds are overlooked and not revealed. But then comes the weighing of the scales, where the statements of the soul are gauged of its truth. When found not to measure up to its honesty, the soul is led to hell to be tormented by Typhon, who is one of the presiding demons; otherwise, it is shown the way to paradise. The Judgment scene of all religions follows more or less along similar lines. According to some religious and cultural beliefs, prior to the Judgment or the entry into the underworld, the soul had to cross a river or rivers, before passing on to its destination. The soul is usually led across the river in a boat or by using certain bridges. Ancient people used these symbols to signify the processes of transition. Muslims call the bridge “Sirat,” while followers of Zoroaster call it “Chivat.” Ancient Greeks called the underworld rivers Styx, Acheron, Cocytus, and Phlegethon. These named rivers correspond to the four streams of the Garden of Eden: Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel, and Phrath. Occultly, they probably refer to the four etheric planes. Scandinavians also believe in a river that souls in the cthonian world had to cross. They call this “Wimur.” Ancient Babylonians believed that the soul had to cross the Huber river prior to reaching the “mountain of justice,” or the Judgment scene. Psychologically, rivers, oceans, pools, and lakes all refer to the subconscious element within man. In the depth of the Freudian “id,” lurk various monsters–phobias, psychosis, neurosis, and repressions. In an occult sense, these monsters of the psyche are known collectively as the Dweller on the Threshold. Crossing rivers in the context of its symbolism, entails encountering these monsters, these repressed images in the death process; and indeed, according to Tibetan thanatology, this is exactly what occurs in the bardo. All religious doctrines teach of the danger that the soul may have to face in the intermediate state. Copyright © 2006 Luxamore Leonard Lee aka Luxamore Metaphysical teacher, counseler, healer and merchant of occult/magickal items of Indonesia. Magickal Items from Indonesia: talismans, mustika pearls, kerises, etc. Magickal Bezoar Mustika Pearls from Indonesia.

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